Table of contents Module 2.2 Educational Psychology.......................................................................1 Rationale Introduction................................................................................................1 Rationale....................................................................................................................1 Objectives .................................................................................................................2 Topics........................................................................................................................2 How to use this material ............................................................................................2 Assessment .................................................................................................................2 A Note about the readings..........................................................................................3 References...................................................................................................................3 Educational Psychology ............................................................................................4 What is Educational Psychology? .............................................................................4 What is learning?.........................................................................................................4 How do people learn? .................................................................................................5 Behaviourism ................................................................................................................8 Classical Conditioning ................................................................................................8 Classical conditioning in the classroom....................................................................9 Operant conditioning ...............................................................................................10 Types of reinforcement ............................................................................................ 12 Schedules of reinforcement ....................................................................................13 Reinforcement in the classroom .............................................................................13 Cognitive Development ........................................................................................... 14 Piaget's theory.......................................................................................................... 14 Piaget's view of intelligence .................................................................................... 15 Adaptation................................................................................................................15 Stages of cognitive development ........................................................................... 16 Sensorimotor stage.................................................................................................17 Preoperational stage ...............................................................................................17 Concrete operations stage......................................................................................18 Formal operations stage .........................................................................................20 Piaget across cultures ............................................................................................21 Studies in Papua New Guinea.................................................................................21 Criticisms of Piaget.................................................................................................. 22 Piaget in the classroom - how does it apply?........................................................ 22 Other Theories of Learning..................................................................................... 24 Constructivism .......................................................................................................... 24 Sociocultural Theory................................................................................................. 26 Gender Theory.......................................................................................................... 27 Psychological influences on learning...................................................................... 28 Motivation.................................................................................................................. 28 Learning Theories in Practice................................................................................ 30 Summary ................................................................................................................... 31 Key Terms and Glossary ......................................................................................... 32